Groundwater
Groundwater is the water that exists beneath the Earth's surface, filling the spaces and cracks within soil, sand, and rock. It is stored in underground layers called aquifers, which consist of porous rock or sediment that allows water to move through it. Groundwater is a source of freshwater, supplying wells, springs, and even surface water bodies like rivers and lakes through natural seepage.
This water is replenished by rain and snowmelt, which infiltrates the ground and percolates down to the water table, the upper level of an aquifer. Groundwater can be extracted through wells for agricultural, industrial, and domestic use, making it a vital resource, especially in areas where surface water is scarce. However, groundwater can be overextracted, leading to issues like depletion, land subsidence, and contamination, which can affect water availability and quality.
Polluted groundwater is to water beneath the Earth's surface that has been contaminated by harmful substances, making it unsafe for human consumption or ecosystem health. Groundwater can become polluted when contaminants from surface activities seep through the soil and reach the water table. Contaminated groundwater may carry hazardous chemicals, heavy metals, pathogens, or nutrients that can lead to serious health problems for people, animals, and plants. Groundwater pollution is particularly concerning because it is difficult to detect, clean, and restore once it occurs.
Common Sources of Groundwater Pollution
Industrial Waste - Chemicals from factories can leak into the soil and pollute groundwater.
Agricultural Runoff - Pesticides, fertilizers, and animal waste can percolate into groundwater supplies.
Sewage and Waste - Improperly managed sewage systems and landfills can leach pollutants into groundwater.
Oil and Gas - Spills or leaks from oil drilling or gas extraction can contaminate water.
Household Chemicals - Improper disposal of substances like cleaning agents, paints, and medications can affect groundwater.
