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Welded Stress and Strain Connections

of Structural Shapes Plate Design Formulas Welding Symbols See Articles First Moment of Area Elastic Section Modulus Mass Moment of Inertia Monent of Inertia Plastic Section Modulus Polar Moment of Inertia Radius of Gyration Second Moment of Area Common...

Charles' Law

law, also known as the law of volumes, one of the gas laws, it states that at a constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of gas is directly porportional, increases or decreases, to the absolute temperature. This gas law that describes the...

Angular Momentum for a Rigid Body

the body. For a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis, the angular momentum depends on both the distribution of the body’s mass and its angular velocity. The direction of the angular momentum vector is along the axis of rotation, following the...

Rotational Kinetic Energy

units of radians per second. The moment of inertia quantifies an object's resistance to rotational motion and depends on its mass distribution relative to the axis of rotation. The relationship between translational kinetic energy and rotational kinetic...

Newton's Second Law for Rotation

of inertia. The moment of inertia is a measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotational motion, similar to how mass is a measure of resistance to linear motion. This law is essential for analyzing rotational motion, such as the motion of...

Discharge Coefficient

\rho }\) Symbol English Metric \( C_d \) = Discharge Coefficient \( dimensionless \) \( dimensionless \) \( \dot m_f \) = Mass Flow Rate \(lbm \;/\; sec\) \(kg \;/\; s\) \( \rho \) (Greek symbol rho) = Fluid Density \(lbm \;/\; ft^3\) \(kg \;/\; m^3\)...

Pipe Sizing for Steam

\rho_s \; A_c \) (Steam Velocity) Symbol English Metric \( d \) = pipe inside diameter \(in\) \(mm\) \( \dot m_f \) = steam mass flow rate \(lbm\;/\;sec\) \(kg\;/\;s\) \( p_d \) = pressure drop \(lbf\;/\;in^2\) \(Pa\) \( Q \) = heat load \(Btu\;/\;lbm\)...

Air Velocity through Piping

any obstructions or restrictions present in the system. It is closely related to the air flow rate, which is the volume or mass of air passing through the pipe per unit of time. In some cases, air velocity can be controlled to ensure that certain...

Condensate Load from Heating Liquid Continuous

it cools down, loses energy, and turns back into water droplets or liquid water. Condensate Load - It is the volume or mass of this liquid water formed from the steam. It's important in systems where steam is used for heating because: Temperature...

Frame Design Formulas

Formulas Welding Stress and Strain Connections Welding Symbols See Articles First Moment of Area Elastic Section Modulus Mass Moment of Inertia Monent of Inertia Plastic Section Modulus Polar Moment of Inertia Radius of Gyration Second Moment of Area...

Plate Design Formulas

Shapes Welding Stress and Strain Connections Welding Symbols See Articles First Moment of Area Elastic Section Modulus Mass Moment of Inertia Monent of Inertia Plastic Section Modulus Polar Moment of Inertia Radius of Gyration Second Moment of Area

Hedstrom Number

Symbol English Metric \( He \) = Hedstrom Number \(dimensionless\) \(dimensionless\) \( \rho \) (Greek symbol rho) = Fluid Mass Density \(lbm\;/\;ft^3\) \(kg\;/\;m^3\) \( d \) = Pipe Inside Diameter \(in^2\) \(mm^2\) \( \tau \) (Greek symbol tau) = Pipe...

Specific Heat Capacity of Non-metallic Solids

difference between Specific Heat and Heat Capacity is the Specific Heat, proper, is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 mass unit of material by 1 Temperature Unit. The values below are listed in kJ/kg-K [SI] or BTU/Lb-F [US]. Specific Heat Capacity...

Law of Conservation of Energy

+ PE_i \) Symbol English Metric \( g \) = Gravity \(ft\;/\;sec^2\) \(m\;/\;s^2\) \( h \) = Height \(ft\) \(m\) \( m \) = Mass \(lbm\) \(kg\) \( v \) = Velocity \(ft\;/\;sec\) \(m\;/\;s\) \( KE \) = Kinetic Energy \(bf-ft \) \(J\) \( PE \) = Potential...

Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum

}{ m } \) Symbol English Metric \( \overrightarrow{p} \) = Linear Momentum \(lbm-ft\;/\;sec\) \(kg-m\;/\;s\) \( m \) = Mass \(lbm\) \(kg\) \( \overrightarrow{v} \) = Linear Velocity \(ft\;/\;sec\) \(m\;/\;s\) Law of conservation of linear momentum,...

Angular Momentum Change

and its angular velocity, so a change can occur if the object speeds up or slows down its rotation, redistributes its mass relative to the axis of rotation, or both. According to rotational dynamics, a change in angular momentum is caused by the action...

Height

rho) = Density \(lbm\;/\;ft^3\) \(kg\;/\;m^3\) \( g \) = Gravitational Acceleration \(ft\;/\;sec^2\) \(m\;/\;s^2\) \( m \) = Mass \(lbm\) \(kg\) \( PE \) = Potential Energy \( lbf-ft \) \( J \) \( p_b \) = Pressure at Bottom of Column \(lbf\;/\;in^2\)...

Initial Temperature

Capacity \(Btu \;/\; lbm-F\) \(kJ \;/\;kg-K\) \( c \) = Specific Heat \(Btu \;/\; lbm-F\) \(kJ \;/\;kg-K\) \( m \) = Object Mass \(lbm\) \(kg\) Initial temperature, abbreviated as \(T_i\) or \(T_{intial}\), is the starting temperature of a substance,...

Final Temperature

Capacity \(Btu \;/\; lbm-F\) \(kJ \;/\;kg-K\) \( c \) = Specific Heat \(Btu \;/\; lbm-F\) \(kJ \;/\;kg-K\) \( m \) = Object Mass \(lbm\) \(kg\) Final temperature, abbreviated as \(T_f\) or \(T_{final}\), is the temperature of a substance, object, or...

Characteristic Velocity

\) = Chamber Pressure \(lbf \;/\; in^2\) \(Pa\) \( A \) (Greek symbol rho) = Throat Area \(ft^2\) \(m^2\) \( \dot m_f \) = Mass Flow Rate \(lbm \;/\; sec\) \(kg \;/\; s\) Characteristic velocity, abbreviated as \(U\), measure the effectiveness of the...