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- Accepted Survey - A survey accepted by the official having cadastral survey approval authority.
- Access - The right to enter and leave over the lands of another.
- Adjacent - Near to but not reaching or contacting.
- Adjoiner - To owner of land which touches the land of another.
- Adjoining - To be in contact with, touching or contiguous.
- Altitude - The height of a vertical angle from the horizon.
- Angle - Two rays sharing a common point.
- Angle - Total cord length, or long chord of a circular curve. A line segment on the interior of a circle.
- Arc Definition - The subtended angle of an arc.
- Angle Point - A point in a survey where the alinement of boundary deflects from a straight line.
- Arc - A sector is a fraction of the area of a circle.
- Arc Definition - The degree of the curve (D) is the angle formed by two radii drawn from the center of the circle to the ends of the arc.
- Arc Length of a Circle - Total length of any circular curve measured along the arc.
- Area Cross-section - A two-dimension plane slice of a three-dimension plane.
- Asbuilt Survey - A survey that is done after the completion of a construction project.
- Assumed Meridian - On certain types of localized surveys, it may not be necessary to establish a true, magnetic, or grid direction.
- Assumed North - North by arbitary definition and/or reference.
- Azimith - A line on the ground is its horizontal angle measured from the meridian to the line.
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- Backsight - A sight on a previously established survey point before the level is moved.
- Back of Curb -
- Back Tangent - The tangent line before the beginning of the curve.
- Baseline - The east-west line that divides townships.
- Base Map - A map which contains the fundamental framework necessary for geographic reference and positionong of information that may be drawn on it.
- Bearing - An angle in degrees measured clockwise from north.
- Bearing Tree - A marked tree used as a corner. Its distance and direction are recorded from the corner.
- Beginning of Curve - The point at which a straight line begins to curve, the point tangency to the curve.
- Beginning of Vertical Curve - The point at which a straight line begins to curve, the point tangency to the curve.
- Benchmark - A relatively fixed point whose coordinates and elevation datum are used for leveling and construction.
- Blaze - A mark made upon a tree trunk.
- Boundary -
- Boundary Line - A line of demarcation between adjoining parcels of land.
- Boundary Monument - An object placed on or near a boundary line to preserve and identify the location of the boundary line.
- Boundary Survey - A mathematically closed diagram of the complete outside boundary of a site.
- Bounds - A general description of buildings, property, roads, and etc. used in legal documents.
- Branch - Small stream.
- Broken Boundary - A series of line segments representing a boundary which is not a straight line.
- Brook - Small stream.
- Bug - A magnetic locator to search for an iron pipe.
- By Implication Easement - The general rule of law is that when an owner of a tract of land conveys part of it to another, he is said to grant by implication, all easements which are apparent, obvious and reasonable.
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- Cadastral Survey - A survey that is carried out to describe boundaries and land ownership.
- Call - Any feature, landmark, or measurement called out in a survey.
- Cap - A metal of plastic cover on the end of a rebar or pipe.
- Capped Iron Pin -
- Capped Rebar - A rebar 18" long, 1/2" diameter, with a cap having the company name and license number stamped into it.
- Celestial Meridian - The largest circle of the celestial sphere passing through the celestial poles and an observer's zenith.
- Center of Curve -
- Center Line -
- Central Angle - The angle formed by two radii drawn from the center of the circle (0) to PC and PT.
- Certified Survey Map -
- Certification - A document which attests to the truth or authenticity of papers attached to it.
- Chaining - The measuring a distance using a chain or tape.
- Chord (c) - Chord length between any two points on a circular curve.
- Chord Definition - The subtended angle of an chord.
- Chord of a Circle - Is the between any two points on a circular curve.
- Certificate of Title -
- Clay - Particles ranging in size from 0.002 mm and smaller.
- Closed Loop - A series of consecutive measurements that close on the beginning point.
- Closed Traverse - A series of consecutive measured lines that start at a known point and ends at the same known point or another point that is known.
- Closing Corner - A corner established where a survey line intersects a previous fixed boundary at a point between corners.
- Closure - The process of measurement in a closed figure for a check on horizontal and vertical percision.
- Collapse Slump - The fresh concrete collapses completely.
- Compass - A magnetic compass has a magnetic needle that points north.
- Constant Error - An error that always occures with the same sign and magnitude.
- Control Station - Point on the ground whose position, horizontal or vertical, is known and can be used as a base for additional survey work.
- Cotton Spindle Found -
- Cotton Spindle Set -
- Closed Joint - A joint that is invisible or barely visible between two adjacent slabs or stones.
- Compass Bearing - Uses magnetic north as a reference point.
- Concrete Monument Found - A permanent marker set by a land surveyor to reference controll points or property corners.
- Conditional Line - An agreed line between neighbors that has not been surveyed, or which has been surveyed but not yet granted.
- Construction Survey - Surveying measurements made before or while the site is under construction.
- Contour - Defined line of equal elecation on a map or plat.
- Contour Interval - The difference in elevation between adjacent contours as shown on a map.
- Contour Line - An imaginary line on the ground having all points on the same elevation.
- Contour Map - A map that illustrates relief by means of contour lines.
- Contours - Lines joining points of equal elevation as shown on a topographic map.
- Control - Surveying and mapping reference infrastructure.
- Control Corner -
- Control Points - Fixed points of known coordinates.
- Convey - The act of deeding or transfering title to another.
- Coordinate System - A grid where the axes are apart 90 degrees.
- Coordinates - Two lines, latitude and longitude that intersect creating a point.
- Corner - The location of intersecting boundary lines.
- Corner Description - The specific data, both new and old, about a corner monument and its accessories which include marks, positions, and physical characteristics.
- Cotton Spindle - A 6" to 8" spindle used where you would typically use an iron pipe or rebar as a momument.
- Cotton Spindle Set -
- Course - Line or boundary defined by bearing and distance.
- Creek - Small stream.
- Culvert - A pipe or tunnel that carrys a stream under a road or highway.
- Curb & Gutter -
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- Data Collector - A handheld electronic field notebook.
- Datum - An abstract coordinate system used to reference a known location.
- Datum Shift - A graphical correction required where the source map data is on a different datum than the map under revision.
- Decision Sight Distance - The distance for a motorist to decide.
- Declination - The difference between geographic north (true) and magnetic north.
- Deed - A document that transfers title to real property.
- Deep Well - A well that draws water from beneath an impermeable stratum.
- Deflection Angle - Deflection angle from full circular curve measured from tangent at PC or PT. The angles between a tangent and the ends of the chords from the PC.
- Deflection Circular Curve - The deflection angle for a full circular angle measures from tangent at PC or PT.
- Degree of Curve - The flatness or shapeness of the curve.
- Degree of Curvature - Can either be degree of arc or chord.
- Departure - Longitudal interval between points.
- Depression Contour - A contour forming a closed loop around lower ground.
- Differential Leveling - The leveling process of determining the difference in elevation between two poinrs.
- Digital Image - An image composed of small, uniformly shaped regions each of which have assigned coordinates and color.
- Digital Map - A process of generating a map using computer processed data.
- Drainage Easement - The right of water run off in a subdivision or highway routed onto adjacent land.
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- Easement - The legal right to use another persons personal property to a specific limited use.
- Easement Survey - Prepared between parties to allow the use of part of an allotment.
- East Boundary Line -
- Easting - Coordinate value by longitudinal reference.
- Edge of Pavement -
- EDM - Electromagnetic Distance Measurement device.
- Egress - The right to go on the land of another.
- Elevation - A vertical distance up or down from a fixed point.
- Elevation Survey - Used to determine the elevation of a structure and it's relationship to the floorplan.
- Ellicott's Control Survey - The meridian northward from the point of beginning of the United States cadastral survey. A point established on August 20, 1785on the north bank of the Ohio River.
- Encroachment - An unlawful and adverse intrusion within the boundary of a property.
- Encrumbrance - Any right to or intrest in land which makes it subject to a change or liability.
- End of Curve - The point at which a curved line ends and the point tangency to the curve begins.
- End of Vertical Curve - The point at which a curved line ends and the point tangency to the curve begins.
- Entry - An application to acquire title to public lands.
- Entry Allowed - An application to acquire title to public lands which has been approved, either as an origional entry or a final entry.
- Entryman - One who makes an entry of land under the public land laws of the United States.
- Erosion - The natural wearing away of the earth's surface by rainfall and surface runoff.
- Existing Corner - A corner whose position can be identified by verifying the evidence of the monument or its accessories, by reference to the description that is container in the field notes.
- Existing Iron Pipe -
- Expert Witness - A person who testifies as what he has observed by sight, sound, etc.
- Exterior Angle - Formed by intersecting lines of a polygon or land parcel boundaries.
- External Distance - The distance from the PI to the midpoint of the curve.
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- Face of Curb -
- Federal Land - All classes of land owned by the Federal Government.
- Fee Tail - An estimate limited to one class of heirs.
- Field Notes - A permanent record of field procedures and data collected in those procedures.
- Final Certificate - A document which evidences that an entryman is entitled to a patent provided that no irregularities are found in connection with his entry.
- Final Entry - When an application to acquire title to public lands has been filed in the proper manner and all the requirements of law and government regulations have been complied with.
- First Station - Point of beginning (POB)
- Floodplain - The land area adjacent to a river, stream, lake, or other body of water that is subject to flooding.
- Flowage Easement - The right a person or group has to flood water on land of another.
- Forward Tangent - The tangent line after the ending of the curve.
- Fount -
- Found Concrete Monument -
- Found Corner - An existing corner on a public land survey found by a field survey.
- Free and Clear - Is not encumbered by any lien.
- Furlong - A distance of 220 yards or 40 poles.
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- Geodesy - The science and mathmatical calculations of the shape and size of the earth.
- Geodetic Control - A system of monumented stations having known, percise positions established by geodetic methods.
- Geodetic Position - A position of a point on the surface of the earth expressed in terms of geodetic latitude and longitude.
- Geodetic Survey - A percise survey that takes in long distances showing shape of the world.
- Geometry - A branch of mathematics that deals with shapes and their properties or relationships to circles, lines, points, etc. These relationships can be expressed in plane geometry, two-dimensional figures and solid geometry, three-dimensional figures.
- Ginney - A wooden dowel 6-9 inches in length with a sharpened end, set in the ground to mark survey points.
- GIS Mapping, See (LIS) - Geographic Information System is used to locate items like utilities.
- Gore - A thin triangular piece of land.
- Grade - A rise or decline in elevation.
- Gradient - The rate of rise and fall.
- Grid - A group of parallel lines that run perpendicular to another group of parallel perpendicular lines.
- Grid Azimuth - Measured from grid north.
- Grid Bearing - The northwards direction along the grid lines of a map used as a reference point.
- Grid Distance - The distance between two points using mapping coordinates.
- Grid Meridian - In plane surveys it is convenient to perform the work in a rectangular XY coordinate system in which one central meridial concides with a true meridian.
- Grid North - The direction of the north-south grid lines on a state plane coordinate system.
- Grid Position - The grid coordinates of a point.
- Ground Distance - The horizontal distance with curvature between two ground points.
- Gunter's Chain - A distance of 66 feet or 4 poles.
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- Half Section - Containing more or less 360 acres.
- Head - The source of a stream.
- Headwaters - The smallest streams that combine to make a larger stream.
- Height - Length of radius from radius center to midpoint of chord.
- Height - Length of radius from midpoint of chord to point on circular curve.
- High Point - Point on circular curve.
- High Water - The maximum height reached by rising water.
- Hinge Point - The point at which a fill slope stops and the road or shoulder grade begins.
- Horizontal - Parallel to a flat or level surface of the earth.
- Horizontal Distance - The distance horizontally between two points.
- Horizontal Line - A line extending left or right but not up or down.
- Horizontal Position - A point with horizontal coordinates only.
- Hydrography - Features including lakes, rivers, streams, swamps, and other water features.
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- In Gross Easement - Does not benifit any other land, such as a utility right-of-way.
- Indemnity Lands - Alternate lands granted to states under the public land laws when granted lands were unaviallable.
- Ingress - The right to enter a tract of land.
- Intersecting Angle - The deflection angle at the PI.
- Intersection Sight Distance - The distance a motorist should be able to see other traffic in the intersection in order to enter safetly.
- Investigative Survey - A peliminary survey made to determine the physical condition of existing Cadastral Survey evidence.
- Iron Pipe/Pin - A pipe 18" long, 3/4" outside diameter, with a plastic cap set inside having the company name and license number stamped into it.
- Iron Pipe/Pin Found -
- Iron Pipe/Pin Set -
- Isopleth Line - Line joining points on the earth's surface having equal magnetic declination as of a given date.
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- Junction Box -
- Junior Corner - A corner which is part of a survey occuring at a date subsequent to a prior (senior) survey.
- Junior Rights - Subordinate to the senior rights.
- Junior Survey - A survey made subsequent to an earlier survet.
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- Laches - Failure to do something which should be done or to claim or enforce a right at a proper time.
- Landmark - A marker made on a permanent feature of the land like rocks, trees, etc.
- Land Court - A tribunal established for the purpose of administering legislative statutes relating to land boundaries and titles.
- Land District - The area administered by a particular land office.
- Land Office - A government office, subordinate to the General Land Office.
- Land Survey - The act of surveying to establish the correct property description or establish land boundaries.
- Latitude - Angular arc distance north and south of the equator along a meridian of longitude.
- League - A marine measure of distance.
- Legend - A description, explanation or table of symbols on a map or chart to permit a better understanding or interpretation of it.
- Length - Total length of any circular curve measured along the arc.
- Length of Curve - The distance from PC to PT.
- Levee - Artificial embankment confining a channel, stream, or body of water.
- Leveling - Using a graduated rod to establish difference in heights of the terrain.
- Licensed/Land Surveyor # -
- LiDAR (Aerial Survey) - A survey using remote sensors of light reflected by lasers to measure distances.
- Limited Boundary - The boundary of lands actually surveyed.
- Line of Sight - The line extended from an instrument along which distinct objects can be seen.
- LIS Mapping - Land Information System is used to locate items like utilities.
- Local Corner - Physical evidence accepted by local land owners to be a corner of the public lands survey.
- Long Chord - A straight line from the beginning of the curve PC to the end of the arc PT.
- Long Chord Bearing - The bearing of the long chord.
- Longitude - Angular arc distance east and west of the Prime Meridian along a parallel of latitude.
- Loop Closure - A statistical procedure to evaluate the internal consistency of a GPS network.
- Loop Traverse - A traverse that starts and closes on the same point, point of beginning.
- Lost Corner - A corner whose position cannot be determined.
- Low Point - Point on circular curve.
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- Mag - New concrete nails that are magnetic nails and are stamped with MAG on the head, easier to find with metal detector.
- Magnetic Bearing - The direction toward the magnetic north pole as a reference point.
- Magnetic Concrete Nail - Stamped on top of nail. Makes them easier to be found by metal detectors.
- Magnetic Meridian - Lies parallel with the magnetic lines of force of the earth.
- Magnetic North - The direction in which a magnetic needle of a compass points.
- Map - A representation of the earth's surface.
- Map Scale - A relationship between the distance on the map compared to the distance on the earth's surface.
- Meander - Meander of something. A line follows the twists and turns of a stream.
- Mean Bearing - The average of the foreward and the back bearing of a straight line.
- Mean Error - An ambiguous term sometimes used to denote average error.
- Mean Sea Level - The average height of the surface of the sea.
- Meander Line - The traverse run at the line of mean highwater of a permanent natural body of water.
- Merestone - A stone that marks a boundary.
- Meridian - Imaginary north-south lines converging at the north and south poles.
- Metes - A boundary defined by the measurement between terminal points of each straight run used in legal documents.
- Metes and Bounds - The boundary lines of land with angles and points used in legal documents.
- Mid-point - Center or halfway point of a line segment.
- Middle Ordinate - The distance from the midpoint of the curve to the mid-point of the long chord.
- Minimum Building Setback - The minimum requirement for a building limits.
- Monument - A permanent marker set by a land surveyor to reference controll points or property corners.
- Mouth - A place where a stream enters another larger stream.
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- No Monument Set -
- North Boundary Line -
- Northing - Coordinate value by latitudal reference.
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- Observed -
- Offset - Right angles to the survey line measured horizontal to locate a point off the line.
- Offset Line - A line that is close to and roughly parallel to the main line.
- Open Traverse - A traverse that originates at a known position and ends at an unknown position.
- Origin - The point in a system of coordinates which serves as an initial point of computing and where x=0 and y=0.
- Original Entry - When application to acquire title to public lands and the applicant is permitted to proceed with earning title to the lands under the governing laws and regulations.
- Outlot - Sub-standard land parcel or platted land remnant.
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- Parcel - An area of land defined by measurement.
- Passing Sight Distance - The distance a motorist should be able to observe the trafic in order to pass safetly.
- Percolation & Soils Testing - A field test measuring the rate water moves through soil and helps evaluate the ability of the soil to absorb.
- Photogrammrtry Surveying (Aerial Survey) - A survey that takes photographs from elevated ground stations.
- Plane Coordinates - Coordinates that represent the location of points on a plane.
- Plane Survey - A survey in which the effect of the curvature of the earth is not relevant.
- Plat - A drawing that represents the survey area such as section corners, bearings and distances, parcel numbers, mineral rights, etc.
- Plat Book -
- Point - Spatial location without defined dimensions.
- Point Known -
- Point of Beginning - In a survey it describe the point at which a meets and bounds description begins.
- Point of Circular Curve - The point at which a straight line begins to curve, the point tangency to the curve.
- Point of Commencement -
- Point of Compound Curvature - A point where curves of different radii meet.
- Point of Curvature - The point at which a straight line begins to curve, the point tangency to the curve
- Point of Curve - The point at which a straight line begins to curve, the point tangency to the curve.
- Point of Ending - In a survey it description to describe the point at which a meets and bounds description ends.
- Point of Intersection - The intersection of two tangent points or where two non-parallel lines intersect.
- Point of Reverse Curve - The point in an S-type compound curve where two curves of different polarity meet.
- Point of Tangent - The point at which a curved line ends and the point tangency to the curve begins.
- Point of Rangent Curve - The point at which a curve ends and a straight line begins.
- Point of Vertical Curve - The point at which a straight line begins to curve, the point tangency to the curve.
- Point of Vertical Intersection - The intersection of two tangent points or where two non-parallel lines intersect.
- Point of Vertical Tangent - The point at which a curved line ends and the point tangency to the curve begins.
- Point on Curve -
- Point on Line - When the endpoint can not be seen from the transit.
- Point on Tangent -
- Possession - Exercise of the right to use real property to the exclusion of others.
- Prime Meridian - The initial or zero meridian of imaginary north-south lines converging at the north and south poles.
- Prime Vertical - The largest circle at right angles to the celestial meridian of imaginary east-west lines.
- Principle Meridian - Line separating east and west PLSS ranges.
- Private Claim - Legal foreign nation land grant, claim or tital transfer, not included by origional PLSS survey.
- Property Identification Number -
- Property Line - Defines the line where properties begin and end.
- Public Drainage Easement - Allows public utilities to acces a persons property to make any improvements to drainage as necessary.
- Public Land Survey System -
- Public Right-of-way - It is usually used to describe highways or public roads where every citizen has the right to their use.
- Pythagorean Theorem - The hypotenuse is the sum of the squares of the other two sides in a right triangle.
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- Quarter Corner - A corner halfway between the corners of a section.
- Quarter Section - Containing more or less 160 acres.
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- Radial Line -
- Radius - Half the diameter of a circle.
- Radius of a Circular Curve - The circle of which the curve is an arc.
- Radius Point - Radius center point of circular curve.
- Range - North/south tier of PLSS townships.
- Rebar and Cap - A rebar 18" long, 1/2" diameter, with a cap having the company name and license number stamped into it.
- Rebar Found -
- Reference Mark - A point or object which is measured to or from a monument for the purpose of being able to relocate the monument if it is lost.
- Reverse Curve -
- Right Triangle - Has one side a right 90° interior angle.
- Riparian Law - The branch of law which deals with the rights in land bordering on a river, lake dor sea.
- Riparian Rights - The rights of an owner of land bordering on a river, lake, bayou, or sea which relates to the water, ownership of the shore, right of ingress and egress, accretions, etc.
- Right-of-Way - The legal right to cross the property of another person.
- River - Large stream.
- Rodman - A person that holds the rod with an EDM.
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- Section - Containing more or less 640 acres, a division of a township.
- Section Corner - A corner at the extreme section boundary.
- Segment of a Circle - An interior part of a circle bound by a chord and an arc.
- Setback Line - The distance from the property line or other established line within which no buildings may be constructed.
- Set Concrete Monument -
- Set Disk -
- Set Iron Rod -
- Set Mag -
- Silt - Particles ranging in size from 0.002 mm to 0.05 mm.
- Simple Circular Curve - Simple circular curve is a curve that does not cross itself.
- Site Plan - A prepared plan used to get approval to construct some type of structure on a piece of property.
- Slurry - The measurement of the height loss from a compacted cone of fresh concrete.
- South Boundary Line -
- Spiral Curve -
- Spring - A pool or other sourceof water that feeds a stream.
- Standard Corner - A senior corner on a standard parallel or base line.
- Standard Deviation - The average amount of variation in a set of data points.
- State Plane Coordinate System - A coordinate systen having perpendicular lines going north to south and east to west. It is only used in the US.
- Stopping Sight Distance - The distance traveled by a vehical from the time it is observer to the time it comes to a stop.
- Sub-chord - A chord shorter than the normal chord.
- Subdivision Survey - This survey that is used to divide a parcel into smaller parcles.
- Survey - The field note record of measurements and observations of the work performed.
- Survey Easement - The description, portrayal, or monumentation of easement(s) only.
- Swamp - Wetlands that features permanent large areas of land with shallow bodies of water that include a large amount of trees.
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- Tangent - A line that touches a curve at just one point such that it is perpendicular to a radius line of the curve.
- Tangent Length - Length along the tangents from PI to PC or PT.
- Tangent Point - Point on the tangent line.
- Thermal Expansion Coefficient - The percentage change in the length of the material per degree of temperature change, heated solid or liquid.
- Temporary Benchmark -
- Tie Line - A survey line that connects a point to other surveyed lines.
- Tie Point - The point where the survey connection is made.
- Toe - Lowest or bottom edge of a land bank or slope.
- Toe of Slope - The bottom or base of incline.
- Topographical Map - A detailed map that represents graphically the earth's features.
- Topographical Survey - A survey to determine land structure along with the variation in land heights.
- Township - A quadrangle having sides approximatelly 6 miles in length with parallels and medians.
- Township Corner - A corner at the extreme township boundary that also falls on a section corner.
- Township Lines - Boundary lines that run north and south and stop at range lines.
- Traverse - A sequence of randomly located distance and angles between measured survey lines and points in order to locate something or set property corners.
- Triangle - All triangles have three angles and three sides.
- Triangulation - A survey using numerous triangles are inter-connected and overlapping to measure angles.
- Trig Functions -
- True Bearing - The direction toward the geographic north pole as a reference point.
- True Meridian (Astronomical) - A plane passing through a point on the surface of the earth and containing the earth's axis of rotation.
- True North - A direction parallel to the earth's axis pointing to the north pole.
- Turn Angle - Using an instrument to measure or set an angle.
- Turning Points - Temporary points of a known elevation.
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- Underground -
- Unrecorded Deed - A conveyance of title not registered or recorded according to state statutes.
- Unsurveyed Lands - Lands not yet surveyed.
- Upland - Ground elevated above the lowlands along rivers.
- U.S Survey - A metes and bounds survey excuted to comply with one of various regulations for entry of public lands.
- Utility Easement -
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- Vertical Angle - Angular measurement in a vertical plane.
- Vertical Point of Curve - The point at which a straight line begins to curve, the point tangency to the curve.
- Vertical Point of Intersection - The intersection of two tangent points or where two non-parallel lines intersect.
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- Warrant - A promise that a statement is true.
- Water Course - A visible channel for water such as a channel, ditch, streambed, or etc.
- Way - A road, street or other passage.
- Waypoint - A two dimensional coordinate destination to be reached by GPS navigation.
- Wildlife Refuge - A reserve for the protection of wildlife.
- Witness Point - A monumented station on a line of the survey used to perpetutate an important location without special relation to any regular corner.
- Witness Corner - When a property corner can not be set at a corner, a witness corner is set, usually on the line at a measured distance.
- Witness Tree - A tree close to a section corner used as a reference to the section corner normally on public lands.
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- X - A latitude or distance along the east-west axis in a coordinate system.
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- Y - A latitude or distance along the north-south axis in a coordinate system.
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- Z - The depth or distance along an axis in a three dimensional coordinate system.
Tags:
Surveying
Glossary