Telecommunications Glossary

on 24 November 2024. Posted in Telecommunications Engineering

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Amplitude - A type of energy wave. A high energy wave has a high amplitude and a low energy wave has a low amplitude.
Amplitude Modulation with Multiple Signals - Amplitude modulation with multiple signals is the process of transmitting multiple information signals over the same carrier frequency by using amplitude modulation (AM) techniques. In this context, each of the information signals modulates the amplitude of the carrier signal in different ways.
Analog vs. Digital Communications - Analog communication is the transmission of information using continuous signals that vary in amplitude, frequency, or phase to represent the information being conveyed. In contrast to digital communication, where information is transmitted in binary format (1s and 0s), analog communication involves signals that can take on any value within a certain range.
Analog Communication - The transmission of information using continuous signals that vary in amplitude, frequency, or phase to represent the information being conveyed. In contrast to digital communication, where information is transmitted in binary format (1s and 0s), analog communication involves signals that can take on any value within a certain range.
Analogue - A type of electrical signal that transmits information. With analogue technology, the information is translated into electric pulses of varying amplitude.
Antenna Power Gain - A measure of how effectively the antenna directs the radio frequency (RF) power it receives into a particular direction compared to a reference antenna, usually an isotropic antenna (one that radiates power uniformly in all directions).
Audio - A sound that’s recorded, reproduced or transmitted.
Audio Signal - A representation of sound that uses an electrical voltage for analogue signals or a series of binary numbers for digital signals.
Auto Attendant - An automated system that answers and routes incoming calls to the right place within an organisation.

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Backbone - The core network segments which connect two or more network nodes together for the purpose of transiting network traffic between edge nodes.
Bandwidth - The maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network or communication channel in a given amount of time.
Base Station - A transmission and reception station in a fixed location, consisting of one or more receive/transmit antenna, microwave dish, and electronic circuitry, used to handle cellular traffic. It serves as a bridge between all mobile users in a cell and connects mobile calls to the mobile switching center. French: station de base.
Bluetooth - A short-range wireless connection standard. Its aim is to link a wide range of computers, electronics and telecoms devices. The technology uses a low-power, two-way radio link, which is built into a microchip. The Bluetooth standard is allowing for greater wireless internet capability in the office and for consumers.
Bluetooth Range - Although many think of bluetooth primarily as a short-range technology, it can also be used to connect devices more than a kilometer (3,280 feet) apart. Many types of product such as wireless headphones, require the devices' communication range to be very short. But because bluetooth technology is very flexible and can be configured to the needs of the application, manufacturers can adjust the bluetooth settings on their devices to achieve the range they need whilst at the same time maximizing battery life and achieving the best quality of signal.
Broadcast Communications - The distribution of audio and video content to a broad audience through various electronic communication networks. This form of communication is designed to send signals to multiple recipients simultaneously, making it distinct from other forms of communication like telephony or data communication, which often involve point-to-point communication.
Broadband - A descriptive term for evolving digital technologies that provide consumers a signal switched facility offering integrated access to voice, high-speed data service, video-demand services, and interactive delivery services.
Broadband Over Power Lines - Technology to allow the transmission of high speed internet over utility power lines.
Broadband Connection - Unlike a dial-up connection, broadband connection uses a dedicated line exclusively for data transmission. The internet service provider uses a network build from computers, cables, routers, switches, and many other specialized equipment to bring the internet to each home or business.
Broadband Internet - Broadband (short for “broad bandwidth”) refers to high-speed internet connections that are always on. Broadband provides the fastest service today, with popular residential service types includes DSL, fiber, wireless, and 4G/5G LTE.
Bundling - Triple-play’ and ‘quad-play’ are ways that telecom companies package (bundle) their services. While they used to only offer home telephone service, they now provide home phone, Internet connection, television and maybe even cell phone service.

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Cable Anchor Force - The mechanical load exerted on an anchoring point due to the tension in a cable.
Cable Internet - Is about as common as DSL. It uses the same coaxial cables that transmit TV service to deliver a high-speed internet connection. Using a special cable modem, you can connect to these cable lines and enjoy a broadband data connection. Cable internet speeds can be up to 940 Mbps for downloading and up to 50 Mbps for uploading, depending on the provider and the location.
Cable Modem - A device which allows a computer end-terminal to initiate and effect a dedicated communications link with a cable modem termination system (CMTS) via a coaxial cable (cable television) network, usually using Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer and interconnecting with the Internet so as to provide the cable modem with Internet access. Because cable modem networks operate as a shared broadcast medium, the bandwidth available to each cable modem is a function of what the other cable modems also connected to the CMTS are doing, but is generally similar to that provided by DSL connections.
Call Forwarding - A feature that helps divert or send an incoming phone call to another destination. This can be another extension, operator or external number. Also known as a call divert.
Carrier - A company that is authorized by regulatory agencies to operate a telecommunications system.
Citizen band (CB) - A two way radio or communication device mainly for short distance communications.
Closed Captioning - A service for persons with hearing disabilities that translates television program dialog into written words on the television screen.
Cloud - Collection of technologies through which businesses or consumers pay to use software that lives in another company’s data center. The benefit is that server capacity can increase or decrease in response to customer demand, freeing companies from having to invest as much in hardware and ultimately saving them money. This relates to telecommunications because the information in the cloud is accessed through broadband connections.
Coaxial Cable (COAX) - A copper wire surrounded by insulation which is itself surrounded by a grounded shield of braided wire, minimizing electrical and radio frequency interference. Coaxial cable is the most common type of cabling used for network access lines that deliver television and other audio-visual signals into customer premises. Two-way, or full-duplex, coaxial access lines allow a duplex high-speed Internet to be deployed over the cable using a cable modem system using a hybrid fibre-coax network, buttelephone-return coax subscriptions may also be counted as narrowband, wideband, or broadband Internet subscriptions.
Common Carrier - In the telecommunications arena, the term used to describe a telephone company.
Communication Protocols - these are standardized rules and procedures that govern the exchange of data between devices over a telecommunications network. They ensure proper data transmission, synchronization, error handling, and communication between devices.
Connectivity - The specific protocols, services, and signalling systems which allow analogue and digital traffic to move across physical capacity in such a way as to allow applications such as voice telephony or the Web to take place. Connectivity is the second of the three-slice vertical capacity-connectivity-applications model used in the CRTC's telecom monitoring procses, and corresponds to layers two (data link) and three (network) in the OSI reference model.

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Dark Fibre - Optical fibre infrastructure that is in place but is not connected to in-service transmission equipment. Information is transmitted over optical fibre using light pulseswhich is why unused fibre is dark.
Data Communication Networks - A system that facilitates the exchange of data between computers, servers, and other devices through a transmission medium, such as cables, wireless signals, or fiber optics. This network enables various types of devices to communicate with each other to share resources, information, and data efficiently.
Data Packet - A basic unit of communication over a digital network. When data is transmitted, it’s broken down into similar structures of data which are then reassembled to its original state once they reach their destination.
Data Storage Need - The requirements and capacity necessary to store digital information in various formats, such as documents, media files, databases, and system data.
Data Transfer Time - The amount of time it takes to move data from one location to another.
Dial Around - Long distance services that require consumers to dial a long-distance provider’s access code before dialing a long-distance number to bypass or "dial around" the consumer’s chosen long-distance carrier in order to get a better rate.
Digital Communication - The transmission of information using digital signals, as opposed to analog signals. In digital communication, data such as voice, video, or text is converted into a digital format, typically represented by binary code (a series of 0s and 1s), before being transmitted over various communication channels like optical fibers, wireless networks, or satellite systems.
Dongle - A portable mobile broadband adapter connected to a laptop or PC via a USB port.
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) - One of the earliest forms of broadband internet to be introduced, and it's still common today. DSL uses copper wires in a telephone line to deliver a high-speed data connection. The DSL signal uses different frequencies from the voice lines, making it possible to use internet and landline phone at the same time.

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Echo Return Loss - A measure of signal loss that comes back as an echo. A higher ratio corresponds to a smaller amount of echo, the higher the ERL the better.
E-mail - The exchange of partly or wholly text-based messages between fixed or mobile computer terminals or similar devices. Popular protocols for exchanging e-mail over the Internet include POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3), for receiving e-mail on a local computer; IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), for receiving and reading e-mail stored on a remote server; and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), for sending e-mail.
Earth Curvature - Eyesight is the ability of a person to see objects over long distances and how the curvature of the Earth affects visibility.
End-to-end Delay - The total time it takes for a data packet to travel from the source to the destination across a network.
Ethernet - Ethernet is a standard for using various transmission media, such as coaxial cables, unshielded twisted pairs, and optical fibers.

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Femtocells - Enhance coverage and capacity inside buildings which means fewer dropped calls. This has potential to allow cell phone calls to travel over the internet.
Fiber Internet - Uses fiber-optic cables that carry data in pulses of light over thousands of tiny fiber strands. Moving as light, fiber-optic internet is incredibly fast, and results in a high-quality and reliable connection. In some areas this kind of service can provide connections of up to 10 Gbps.
Firewall - A part of a computer system or network that is designed to block unauthorized access while permitting authorized communications. It is a device or set of devices which is configured to permit or deny computer based application upon a set of rules and other criteria.
Fixed Access Line - A network access line which connects between two fixed nodes, and may be delivered over twisted-pair copper, coaxial copper, optical fibre, fixed wireless, satellite, or other materials.
Fixed Wireless - A method for provisioning a network segment between two fixed locations using wireless devices or systems, whether analogue or digital. Fixed wireless devices normally derive their electrical power from utility mains, as opposed to portable wireless devices that normally derive their power from batteries. Most fixed wireless systems rely on digital radio transmitters placed on rooftops, aerial towers, or other elevated locations, and achieve point-to-point signal transmission via a microwave platform. Unlike a satellite system, fixed wireless is a terrestrial technology.
Frame - A rack to which telecommunications equipment is mounted. You will see these in central offices.
Frame Relay - The standard for high-speed data communications, offering users transmission speeds of 2.048 megabits per second and higher. It allows faster speeds than the X.25 packet switching standard because it does away with elaborate error-correction and routing information. Its main application is interconnecting local area networks.
Frequencies in Frequency Modulation - In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. The parameters associated with FM are carrier frequency, Signal frequency, frequency deviation, modulation index, sideband frequencies and total bandwidth. The expression for the instantaneous frequency can be expressed mathematically based on the modulation index, the frequency deviation and the modulating signal.
Frequency Modulation (FM) - A signaling method that varies the carrier frequency in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
Frequency Modulation Broadcasting - A widely used method for transmitting audio signals over the airways. FM broadcasting offers several advantages, including higher audio quality and resistance to certain types of interference compared to other modulation methods like amplitude modulation. It is commonly used for music, talk show, news and other forms of radio programming.
Frequency Modulation Demodulation - The process of extracting the original information usually an audio signal from a modulated FM carrier wave. Demodulation is an important step in FM receivers to recover the transmitted information accurately. The goal of FM modulation is to reproduce the original information encoded in the FM signal, ensuring high-quality audio output.
Frequency Modulation Deviation - Refers to the extent to which the frequency of a carrier wave is changed or deviated from its center frequency in response to change in the amplitude of the modulating signal. It is a key parameter in frequency modulation systems and determines the amount by which the carrier frequency shifts during the modulation process.
Frequency Modulation Music - Used in electronic music for creating a wide range of sounds, from classic bell tones to complex textures. FM can generate complex waveforms by modulating the frequency of one oscillator with another. Musicians explore vast sonic possibilities of FM synthesis to create sounds that stand out and contribute to the unique character of track.
Frequency Modulation Receiver - A device that is used to demodulate and recover the original modulating signal from an FM modulated carrier wave. The receiver is a crucial part of the communication system and it has various applications such as FM radio broadcasting, two-way radio communication, and various wireless communication system.
Frequency Modulation Synthesis - A method of sound synthesis that uses the frequency of carrier waveform, to modulate the frequency of modulator waveform. This is particularly associated with the creation of complex and evolving sounds.
Frequency Modulation System - Refers to a communication or signal processing system that utilizes frequency modulation to encode and transmit information. Frequency modulation system consist of input signal, carrier wave, modulation process, transmission, reception, demodulation and output signal.
Frequency Modulation Waveform - Frequency modulation generates a modulated waveform by changing the frequency of a carrier signal in response to change in the amplitude of a modulating signal. The result is s waveform that has characteristic distinct from the original carrier wave. The shape of the waveform is highly dependent on the characteristic of the modulating signal and the specific parameters of the FM modulation process.

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Gateway - A network node equipped for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols. Broadly speaking a gateway is simply an entrance point for one network to another network, hence the name gateway.
Global Positioning System (GPS) - A US satellite system that lets those on the ground, on the water or in the air determine their position with extreme accuracy using GPS receivers.

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High Defination Television (HDTV) - An improved television system which provides approximately twice the vertical and horizontal resolution of existing television standards. It also provides audio quality approaching that of compact discs.
High Speed Internet - An internet access service whose advertised throughput reaches, or which consistently achieves, speeds above narrowband (128 Kbps) between the end user's equipment and the first Internet router reached outside the IP network managed by the Internet provider.

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Interactive Vidio Data Service (IVDS) - A communication system, operating over a short distance, that allows nearly instantaneous two-way responses by using a hand-held device at a fixed location. Viewer participation in game shows, distance learning and e-mail on computer networks are examples.
Internet - A collection of terminals which are addressable via the Internet protocol and reachable via ICANN-administered IP address space.
Internet Backbone - The set of all network connections established between the routing computers that move aggregated end-user IP traffic through the Internet. Internet backbones are measured as a series of router-to-router links, where each link is assigned a discrete capacity based on the capacity (in Mbps) dedicated to Internet traffic on that link; where each router is a core router whose direct links are to other routing equipment, not to end-use terminals; and where each router-to-router link is part of a single Autonomous System.
Internet Service Provider (ISP) - Any service provider, including providers of voice telephony or cable television services, which provides Internet connectivity or an Internet-based application on a retail or wholesale basis. Internet connectivity services include Internet access and Internet transit.
Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS) - A service provided by one or more fixed microwave stations operated by an educational organization and used to transmit instructional information to fixed locations.

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Landline - Traditional wired phone service.
Land Mobile Service - A public or private radio service providing two-way communication, paging and radio signaling on land.
Length of Cable with Sag - The effective length of a suspended cable (such as a fiber-optic or copper wire) when it is strung between two supports, and due to its weight, it sags rather than forming a straight line.
Low Power FM Radio (LPFM) - A broadcast service that permits the licensing of 50-100 watt FM radio stations within a service radius of up to 3.5 miles and 1-10 watt FM radio stations within a service radius of 1 to 2 miles.
Low Power Television (LPTV) - A broadcast service that permits program origination, subscription service or both via low powered television translators. LPTV service includes the existing translator service and operates on a secondary basis to regular television stations. Transmitter output is limited to 1,000 watts for normal VHF stations and 100 watts when a VHF operation is on an allocated channel.

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Modem - A device that enables the transfer of analogue/digital signals to and from one computer device to another.
Modulation and Demodulation - Converting data into a signal suitable for transmission and then back into its original form at the receiving end.
Modulation Index - A parameter that quantifies the extent to which a carrier wave is modified by the modulating signal in a communication system.
Multiplexor - A device which combines multiple analog message signals or digital data streams into one signal. The multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel which divides the capacity of the communication channel into several logical channels, one for each message signal or data stream to be transferred. A reverse process, known as demultiplexing, extracts the original channels at the receiver end.

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Narrowband - A point-to-point data access link, two-way capabilities with speed in either direction not exceeding 128 Kbps.
Network - Any connection of two or more computers that enables them to communicate. Networks may include transmission devices, servers, cables, routers and satellites. The phone network is the total infrastructure for transmitting phone messages.
Networking - The interconnection of multiple devices and systems to enable communication, including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the internet.
Nodal Delay - The time a data packet spends at a particular network node before moving on to the next hop in its path.
Nyquist Interval - When the rate of sampling is equal to the Nyquist rate, then the time interval between any two adjacent samples is called the Nyquist interval.
Nyquist Rate - The theoretical minimum sampling rate at which a signal can be sampled and still can be reconstructed from its samples without any distortion is called the Nyquist rate of sampling.

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Open Video System - An alternative method to provide cable-like video service to subscribers.
Operator Service Provider (OSP) - A common carrier that provides services from public phones, including payphones and those in hotels/motels.
Optical Communications - A method of transmitting information over long distances using light waves, typically through optical fibers. This technology is the backbone of modern high-speed internet, telephony, and television services due to its ability to carry large amounts of data with minimal loss and interference.
Optical Fibre - The medium and technology associated with the transmission of information as light pulses guided over a filament of transparent dielectric material, usually glass or plastic. An optical fibre usually has a cylindrical core surrounded by, and in intimate contact with, a cladding of similar geometry.

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Packer Data Network - A generic description for a network that provides data services. Packet switching is a mode of data transmission in which a message is broken into a number of parts that are sent independently, over whatever route is optimum for each packet, and reassembled at the destination. The Internet is a Packet Data Network.
Paging System - A one-way mobile radio service where a user carries a small, lightweight miniature radio receiver capable of responding to coded signals. These devices, called "pagers," emit an audible signal, vibrate or do both when activated by an incoming message.
Pair Bonding - An option for some DSL connections that increases the bandwidth of single line DSL service. With typical DSL service, there is one pair of copper wires are used (two wires). With pair bonding, two pairs are used (four wires), essentially doubling the internet speed. With pair bonding, speeds can reach up to 140 Mpbs.
Personal Communications Service (PCS) - Any of several types of wireless, voice and/or data communications systems, typically incorporating digital technology. PCS licenses are most often used to provide services similar to advanced cellular mobile or paging services. However, PCS can also be used to provide other wireless communications services, including services that allow people to place and receive communications while away from their home or office, as well as wireless communications to homes, office buildings and other fixed locations.
Port - A connection or a jack provided on a computer to connect external or peripheral devices to the computer. It is a virtual point where network connections start and end. Ports are software based and managed by a computer's operating system. Each port is associated with a specific process or service.
Private Branch Exchange - The PBX is an on-premises telephone exchange (a digital service) that supports digital data services as well as analog telephone service and provides dial tone to the telephones connected to it. It serves as a point of entry into the Public Switched Telephone Network.
Propagation Delay - The time it takes for a signal (such as an electrical signal in a circuit or a data packet in a network) to travel from the source to the destination.
Proscribed Interxchange Charge (PICC) - The charge the local exchange company assesses the long distance company when a consumer picks it as his or her long distance carrier.
Protocols - Sets of rules that govern data transmission, ensuring that devices on a network can communicate effectively.
Pulse Prequency Modulation - A type of modulation where the information is encoded by changing the frequency of a series of pulses. It is used in field of digital communication and control system. Pulse frequency modulation is commonly used in applications where resistance to noise is important.

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Radio Frequency Modulation - A technique of encoding the information on a carrier wave by changing its frequency. It is used in field of telecommunication and employed in radio broadcasting, two-way radio communication, television broadcasting and various wireless communication systems. Radio frequency modulation is a fundamental concept in the world of wireless communication, enabling the transmission of information over the airwaves efficiently and reliably.
Roaming - The use of a wireless phone outside of the "home" service area defined by a service provider.
Router - A computer or other functional unit used as an interface between two or more network segments at layer three of the OSI reference model, routing traffic through these segments in such a way as to promote its arrival at the final destination to which it was addressed. An Internet router accomplishes this by reading the network layer address of each packet transmitted to it, making an algorithm-based decision about the next network segment hop which must be taken by each packet, and treating the packet accordingly.

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Satellite - A radio relay station that orbits the earth. A complete satellite communications system also includes earth stations that communicate with each other via the satellite. The satellite receives a signal transmitted by an originating earth station and retransmits that signal to the destination earth station(s).
Satellite Master Antenna Television (SMATV) - A satellite dish system used to deliver signals to multiple dwelling units (apartment buildings and trailer parks).
Scanner - A radio receiver that moves across a wide range of radio frequencies and allows audiences to listen to any of the frequencies.
Service Plan - The rate plan you select when choosing a wireless phone service. A service plan typically consists of a monthly base rate for access to the system and a fixed amount of minutes per month.
Service Provider - A telecommunications provider that owns circuit switching equipment.
Shannon-Hartley Theorem - The maximum data rate (or channel capacity) that can be achieved over a communication channel with a specified bandwidth in the presence of noise.
Smartphone - A mobile phone on steroids. It offers more advanced computing and connectivity than a contemporary basic feature phone. Smartphones can be thought of as handheld computers integrated within a mobile telephone.
Surge Impedance - The natural impedance of a transmission line that determines how power waves propagate through it.
Surge Impedance Loading - The maximum power that a transmission line can carry without experiencing reactive power losses.
Switching Systems - These systems direct data to its correct destination. In telephone networks, for example, switches route calls between users.

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Telephone - The word used to describe the science of transmitting voice over a telecommunications network.
Transmission Delay - The time it takes to push all the bits of a packet onto the network link from the sender to the receiver.
Transmission Media - The physical or wireless means by which the signal is sent, such as fiber-optic cables, copper wires, or radio frequencies.

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Upstream - In Internet access, traffic originating at the customer end and travelling towards the service provider, possibly for transit to other points on the Internet.
Unified Communications - A communication framework that integrates various forms of communication, such as voice, video, messaging, and data services, into a single cohesive system. This concept is often implemented through Unified Communications (UC) platforms, which allow businesses and individuals to communicate seamlessly across different devices and networks.
Universal Service - A telephone network that covers all of a country, is technologically integrated, and connects as many citizens as possible. It is one of the touchstones of telecommunications policy.

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Very High Frequency (VHF) - The part of the radio spectrum from 30 to 300 megahertz, which includes TV Channels 2-13, the FM broadcast band and some marine, aviation and land mobile services.
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) - A technology that allows voice communications and multimedia sessions (such as video calls) to be delivered over the internet or other IP-based networks, rather than through traditional phone lines.
Voltage Resolution - The smallest change in voltage that the ADC can detect or represent in its digital output.

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Wavelength - The distance between the crests of a wave. Each wave has a shape and length. The wavelength of a wave is the distance between two consecutive points that are in phase (two successive peaks or troughs), and it is inversely proportional to the frequency of the wave. In general, waves with shorte
Wired Communications - The transmission of information over a physical medium, typically involving wires or cables, to provide communication services such as telephone, internet, and television. These services rely on electrical signals transmitted through copper wires, fiber optic cables, or coaxial cables.
Wireless Communications - The transmission of information over a distance without the use of wires or cables. This technology enables communication between devices using electromagnetic waves, such as radio frequencies (RF), microwaves, and infrared signals.

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