Pump Design Classification

Gas and Vapor Movers

• Kinetically Driven Pump  -  Energy is continuously added to increase the fluid velocities within the pump to values greater than those occurring at the discharge, so subsequent velocity reduction within or beyond the pump produces a pressure increase.
  • Rotary
    • Axial Pump
      
    • Centrifugal Pump
      
    • Mixed-flow Pump
      
    • Jet Pump
    • Submersible Pump
  • Nonrotary
    • Ejector or Recompressor
• Positive Displacement Pump -  Fluid moves by trapping a fixed amount and displacing that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.  Some pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side.  The volume of liquid is constant for each operational cycle.
  • Rotary
    • Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump
    • Lobe Compressor and Vacuum Pump
    • Vane Compressor and Vacuum Pump
    • Screw Compressor
  • Nonrotary
    • Reciprocating Compressor  -  Compressors are mechanical devices used to intentionally increase the pressure of a air.  This compressor consist of a piston driven by a crankshaft enclosed within a cylinder.  The typical reciprocating air compressor is also comprised of suction and discharge valves.  These type of compressors operate by drawing fluid into a fixed-volume chamber by a mechanical component which physically displaces the air.
      

Liquid Movers

• Kinetically Driven Pump  -  Energy is continuously added to increase the fluid velocities within the pump to values greater than those occurring at the discharge, so subsequent velocity reduction within or beyond the pump produces a pressure increase.
  
  • Rotary
    • Axial Pump  -  A pump where a case is split parallel to pump shaft.  These pumps are used in high flow and low head applications.  They are suitable for both low and high pressure, and are specially designed to handle severe pumping conditions.
    • Centrifugal Pump  -  A very basic piece of equipment in the oil field.  This type of hydraulic pump is used to transform the mechanical energy of a propeller or turbine into kinetic energy or pressure to an uncompressible fluid.  The centrifugal pump thus converts the energy with which it is worked, in this case mechanical, into hydraulic energy.
    • Mixed-flow Pump  -  Since the shape of the impeller of the mixed flow pump is between the centrifugal pump impeller and the axial flow pump impeller, the working principle of the mixed flow pump has both centrifugal force and lift.  The impeller sits within the pipe and turns, but the turning mechanism is essentially diagonal, using centrifugal force to move the water along while accelerating it further with the push from the axial direction of the impeller.  This creates enough force to generate high rates of flow.
      
  • Nonrotary
    • Jet Eductor  -  This pump works by pumping pressurized fluid through a nozzle in the eductor, creating a partial vacuum on the suction side of the eductor.  Liquid or vapor is then pulled up into suction tube that is attached to the suction side of each eductor.  The recovered liquid or vapor is carried along by the pressurized fluid, and the mixture is discharged through the eductor to discharge piping.
      
• Positive Displacement Pump  -  Fluid moves by trapping a fixed amount and displacing that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.  Some pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side.  The volume of liquid is constant for each operational cycle.
  
  • Rotary
    • Gear Pump  -  This pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement. Due to their simplicity, versatility and their high reliability they are one of the most common types of pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications.  External gear pumps include two external gears (inside the pump housing), one being a drive gear and the other being an idler gear.  Internal gear pumps include one external gear and one internal gear located inside the external gear (both inside the pump housing).
    • Peristaltic Pump  -  They are typically used for pumping caustic, abrasive, or sensitive fluids and are ideal for long runs with continuous flow.  This pump can be used to deliver a precisely measured volume, specific load of liquid material.  Variable speed peristaltic pumps are used for continuous pumping at a variety of motor speeds.  The flexible tube is compressed between the pump housing and the rollers.  The rollers are housed within the pump head.  The compressed portion of the tube forces the liquid material through the tube, which delivers the desired dose of fluid.
      
    • Progressive Cavity Pump  -  It features a suction inlet which feeds into an elongated casing.  Within this casing sits a helical worm rotor and stator assembly.  The rotor helix is shaped off-set to the stator creating cavity spaces in the assembly which are formed by temporary seals as the rotor contacts the surface of the stator.  As the rotor begins to move in an eccentric fashion, the cavities form, draw in product and are progressed along the assembly and the product is expelled through the discharge port.    
      
    • Screw Pump  -  These pumps are rotary, positive displacement pumps that use one or more screws to transfer fluids along an axis.
      • Single Screw Pump  -  Has a single pumping element (screw) that rotates within a stationary.  The individual turns of the screw seal a set volume of fluid by direct contact, with the stator.  The stator has a shape that corresponds to the outside surface of the screw.  The interference fit between the screw or pumping element and the flexible stator create a unique pump design that can handle a variety of fluid characteristics, including high levels of solids and variable viscosities.
      • Two Screw Pump  -  This pump has two shafts.  However, a two screw pump can also be considered a four screw pump if it is a double suction design (two opposing sets of screws pumping towards the discharge).  The pumping element of a two screw pump consists of two intermeshing screws rotating within a stationary housing that is shaped like a figure eight.
    • Vane Pump  -  This pump delivers a constant flow rate under different pressure conditions because it pressurizes the fluid due to the impact of the vanes.  It has a different number of vanes installed on a rotor that moves in the cavity.  Sometimes, these vanes can be of variable length and tensioned to uphold contact with the wall as the pump derives.  The pump also has a pressure relief valve that stops pressure build-up inside the pump that could break the pump.
      
  • Nonrotary
    • Reciprocating Pump
      • Diaphragm Pump  -  It is a pump that uses a combination of the reciprocating action of a diaphragm and a series of check valves to pump a fluid.  The membrane is mechanically pushed and pulled in and out of a pumping chamber.  When the diaphragm is collapsed all of the air is forced out of the diaphragm chamber.  When the diaphragm is extended the slurry, or whatever is being pumped, is sucked into the diaphragm chamber through the intake line.  The slurry will be discharged out of the discharge line.
      • Piston Pump  -  It is one of the oldest styles of pumps that is still in use.  Its design is very simple.  A piston moves in and out of a cylinder.  This type of pump is often used for high pressure applications and hydraulic systems.  It is capable of pumping high viscosity fluids and fluids which contain solids.
      • Plunger Pump  -  Used at wastewater treatment plants, car washes, food processing plants, and in the oil and gas industry to regulate the flow of fluids.  It consists of two valves mounted in a pumping chamber that controls the action of a plunger into a suction force or discharge force.  The design of the machine allows solids to flow freely without clogging the system.
        

ANSI PUMPS

ANSI pumps refer to a set of centrifugal pumps that adhere to the standards established by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).  ANSI has defined a series of standards for pumps, including dimensions, performance criteria, and construction features, to ensure compatibility and interchangeability between pumps and their components from different manufacturers.

The most common is the ANSI pump (in the US) and an ISO pump (everywhere else).  ANSI pumps are commonly used in various industries, including chemical, petrochemical, water treatment, and general industrial applications.  These pumps are designed to handle a wide range of liquids, and their adherence to ANSI standards allows for easier replacement of parts and pumps from different manufacturers.

KEY POINTS aBOUT ANSI PUMPS

Dimensional Interchangeability  -  ANSI pump dimensions are standardized, making it easier to replace a pump or its parts without requiring modifications to the existing system.
Back Pull-Out Design  -  ANSI pumps often feature a back pull-out design, allowing for the removal of the pump's rotating element (impeller, shaft, and bearings) without disturbing the casing or piping.
Casing Design  -  ANSI pumps typically have a volute casing design, which helps in efficient fluid flow and reduces turbulence.
Materials of Construction  -  ANSI pumps are available in various materials of construction to suit different applications and the nature of the pumped fluid.
Shaft Seal Options  -  These pumps offer different options for shaft seals, including mechanical seals and packing glands, to accommodate diverse sealing requirements.
Flange Standards: ANSI pumps use standard flange dimensions, facilitating easy integration into existing piping systems.

The ANSI pump standards provide a framework for manufacturers to produce pumps that meet certain criteria, making it simpler for end-users to select and maintain pumps for their specific needs.  It's worth noting that while ANSI pumps are widely used, other pump standards, such as API (American Petroleum Institute) standards, may also be applicable in certain industries and applications.

API PUMPS

API pumps refer to centrifugal pumps designed and manufactured in accordance with the standards set by the American Petroleum Institute (API). The API has established specifications and guidelines for various aspects of pump design, construction, and performance to ensure the reliability and safety of pumps used in the oil and gas industry and other related applications.

KEY POINTS aBOUT API PUMPS

API Standards  -  The API has developed specific standards for different types of pumps, such as API 610 for centrifugal pumps, API 674 for reciprocating pumps, and API 675 for metering pumps.  API 610 is particularly significant for centrifugal pumps used in hydrocarbon processing and other industries.
Material Selection  -  API pumps are often constructed with materials suitable for the harsh conditions found in oil and gas processing, such as corrosion-resistant alloys or materials that can withstand high temperatures and pressures.
Bearings and Seals  -  API pump standards specify requirements for bearings and seals to ensure reliable operation over extended periods in demanding environments.
Hydraulic Performance  -  API pumps are designed to meet specific hydraulic performance criteria outlined in the API standards. This includes considerations for efficiency, head, and flow rate.
Testing  -  API pumps typically undergo rigorous testing to verify their performance and compliance with API standards. This may include hydrostatic testing, performance testing, and other inspections.
Documentation  -  Manufacturers of API pumps are required to provide comprehensive documentation, including data sheets, drawings, and performance curves, to help users select and operate the pumps correctly.

API pumps are commonly used in industries such as oil and gas, petrochemicals, refining, and chemical processing.  The standards established by API help ensure consistency, reliability, and safety in the design and operation of pumps used in these critical applications.  Like ANSI pumps, API pumps play a crucial role in facilitating the interchangeability of parts and ease of maintenance within a standardized framework.

ISO PUMPS

There isn't a specific category of pumps known as "ISO pumps."  ISO pumps adhere to standards set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).  ISO establishes international standards for a wide range of products, including pumps, to ensure quality, safety, and interoperability.

KEY POINTS aBOUT ISO PUMPS

ISO 2858  -  This ISO standard specifies requirements for the design and construction of end-suction centrifugal pumps. It covers dimensions, performance, and testing, promoting interchangeability and compatibility between pumps from different manufacturers.
ISO 5199  -  This standard outlines requirements for the design and performance of centrifugal pumps used in the chemical process industry.  It provides guidelines for construction materials, design features, and testing procedures.
ISO 13709 (API 610)  -  While API standards are more commonly associated with pumps in the oil and gas industry, ISO 13709 is essentially the international equivalent of API 610.  It covers centrifugal pumps for petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries.
ISO 9906  -  This standard provides procedures for the hydraulic performance testing of centrifugal, mixed flow, and axial pumps.

If you're looking for pumps conforming to international standards, you may want to specify the particular ISO standard applicable to your requirements, such as ISO 2858, ISO 5199, or ISO 13709.  Manufacturers producing pumps in accordance with these standards aim to ensure reliability, efficiency, and compatibility across different systems.

Since standards can be updated, and new standards may be introduced, I recommend checking the latest publications from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or relevant standards organizations for the most current information.