Hydraulic

Hydraulics is the force or motion applied on a confined liquid.  A incompresible fluid is used to applying presure at the smaller end, it will have the same pressure applied to the other end which is large in diameter.

 

Hydraulic System Types

• Aviation Hydraulic System  -  These draw fluid from a reservoir and apply pressure to give to other components.  It then returns the fluid to the reservoir.

• Closed-loop System  -  When the pump operates there will be pressure for fluids.  The fluid will flow continuously between the pump and the actuator without entering into the reservoir for a closed loop system.

• Fixed Displacement System  -  A system in which the amount of displacement that the pump produces cannot be changed.

• Hydraulic Motors and Cylinders System  -  A basic hydraulic system has motors and cylinders that utilize pressurized fluid for mechanical work.  Hydraulic motors convert pressure into torque and rotation or displacement.  The various types of these motors include vane, radial piston, and gear.

• Hydraulic Pump System  -  Hydraulic system components are driven by a variety of power sources.  The different types of pumps are gear pumps, fixed displacement piston pumps, and variable displacement piston pumps.

• Open-loop System  -  When the actuating mechanism is idle, there will be fluid flow but no pressure.

 

Hydraulic Fluid Properties

• Constant Viscosity (regardless of temperature)
• Cost Effective
• Fire Resistant (Flash Point)
  
• Long Life
• Low Tendency to Cavitate
• Noncompressible
• Noncorrosive
• Nonwearing (wear resistance)
  
• Thermal Expansion
• Thermal Stability (within a range of operating temperature)
• Water Resistance (resistance to water contamination)
• Wear Resistance

 

How Hydraulic Systems Work

Hydraulic system depends on the pressure applied on the hydraulic fluid which creates power used for performing different tasks.  The force applied on fluid at one point gets transmitted through the connected components and enables some other point required for working.  The fluid which may be water, petrol or other liquid when pressurized acts on every part of the vessel creating power which is capable of lifting heavy loads. 

 

Hydraulic Fluid Types

• Biodegradable
  
• Emulsion
  
  • Oil-in-water Emulsion
  • Water-in-oil Emulsion
• Petroleum
  
• Synthetic
  
• Vegetable Oil
  
• Water Giycol

 

Hydraulic Parts

• Control Valve  -  Control valves are used to direct the flow of fluid to the actuator.
• Filter  -  A device which removes solids from a fluid.
• Hydraulic Fluid  -  A liquid such as oil or water that is used to generate power in a hydraulic system.
• Hydraulic Pump  -  A device that converts mechanical force from motion into fluid power.
• Reservoir  -  A container for keeping a supply of working fluid in a hydraulic system.
• Hoses, Pipes, and Tubes  -  Hydraulic tubes are basically steel precision pipes which are manufactured for hydraulics.

 

Hydraulic Uses 

• Airplane Hydraulic System  -  Hydraulics is applied in airplanes and jet planes in many instances like adjusting wings, retraction and extension of landing gears, opening/closing of doors, brakes, steering, etc.
• Hydraulic Brake  -  Braking system of the vehicle is an important example of hydraulics.  They are classified based on frictional contact mechanism(drum brake and disk brake) and brake force distribution(single acting and double acting).
• Hydraulics Equipment  -  Hudraulic based heavy equipment will have more strength and ability to move quickly.
• Hydraulic Jack  -  They are strong and can lift heavy loads.  A hydraulic jack comprises of a cylinder and pumping system for storing and transferring hydraulic fluid.
• Hydraulic Lift  -  Used for moving goods or people vertically.  When the pressure is applied to the liquid, the force transmits to all the points of the container.
• Hydraulic Power Steering  -  An important part of the vehicles that help to change the direction of the vehicle to left or right.  This system reduces the effort of drivers and absorbs road shocks.
• Hydraulic Shock Absorbers  -  A device used to absorb and damp shock impulses.  A cylinder with hydraulic oil and a piston are the components used for developing shock absorber.

 

Hydraulic Glossary

A

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• Atmospheric Pressure  -  The pressure exerted upon the earth's surface by the air because of the gravitational attraction of the earth.

B

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• Bladder Accumulator  -  A cylindrical pressure vessel that is used to store hydraulic fluid for future release of potential energy by a compressible gas in the bladder.

• Bleed  -  The process by which air is removed from a hydraulic system.

• Bypass  -  A secondary passage for fluid flow.

C

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• Cavitation  -  A localized gaseous condition within a liquid stream that occurs where the pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.

• Compressed Air  -  Air at any pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.

• Compressibility  -  The change in volume under external forces for any liquid.

• Cracking Pressure  -  The amount of pressure at which a pressure operated valve, also called relief valve, begins to allow a small flow rate of fluid to pass.

• Cycle  -  A single complete operation of a component which begins and ends in a neutral position.

• Cylinder  -  A device for converting fluid power into linear or circular motion.

D

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• Displacement  -  The volume of oil displaced by one complete stroke or revolution of a pump, motor, or cylinder.

• Double-Acting Cylinder - A cylinder in which fluid force can be applied to the movable element in either direction.

E

F

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• Filter  -  A device which removes solids from a fluid.

• Flow Rate  -  Measure the amount of fluid that flows in a given time past a specific point if the temperature and pressure were at standard conditions.

• Fluid Film  -  Interaction between metal surfaces is greatly reduced by having a lubricating film between them.

• Fluid Power  -  Energy transmitted and controlled through use of a pressurized fluid.

• Fluid Power System  -  The transmission and control of power through the use of fluid pressure.

• Fluid Pressure  -  Fluid at rest, exerts a force perpendicular to any surface in comes in contact with.

• Force  -  The push or pull of an object resulting in a change from rest or motion.

• Friction  -  The mechanical resistance to the relative movement of two surfaces.

• Friction Loss  -  How much loss of flow through a pipe is due to the viscosity, the measure of the internal friction/resistance to the flow of a liquid near the surface of the pipe.

G

H

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• Heat  -  A form of energy that causes physical change in what is being heated.

• Horsepower  -  A measure of power or the rate of doing work.

• Hydraulic Balance  -  Equal opposed hydraulic forces acting on an art in a hydraulic component.

• Hydraulic Control  -  A control which is actuated by hydraulically induced forces.

• Hydraulic Fluid  -  A liquid such as oil or water that is used to generate power in a hydraulic system.

• Hydraulic Power  -  Power coming from the motion and pressure of a liquid.

• Hydraulic Pump  -  A device that converts mechanical force from motion into fluid power.

• Hydraulic Valve  -  A device used to regulate fluid distribution.

I

J

K

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• Kinetic Energy  -  The energy an object possesses by virtue of its motion.  If it moves, it has kinetic energy.

L

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• Liquid  -  A specific volume and can hold any shape it is contained within.

M

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• Manual Control  -  A control actuated by the operator, regardless of the means of actuation.

• Manual Override  -  A means of manually actuating an automatically controlled device.

• Maximum Rated Pressure  -  The maximum pressure at which a component should be operated on a continuous basis, usually the relief valve setting at maximum flow rate.

N

O

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• Operating Pressure  -  The pressure at which a system is normally operated.

• Orifice Plate  -  Measures the flow of a liquid or gas by the difference in pressure from the upstream to the downstream.

P

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• Pipe  -  A hollow tube that can carry products such as fluid, gas, granular and more.

• Positive Displacement Pump  -  A pump that has the inlet sealed from the outlet.

• Pressure  -  The force exerted perpendicular to the surface of an object and is expressed as force per unit area.

• Pressure Loss  -  The difference in pressure between two points, usually caused by friction resistance in the pipe, but moisture can also affect it.

• Pressure Switch  -  A switch operated by rise or drop in fluid pressure.

• Pulsation  -  Repeated small fluctuation of pressure within a circuit.

Q

R

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• Radial Piston Pump  -  Where the pistons are set perpendicular to the pump’s center.

• Rated Load  -  The maximum capacity as specified by the equipment nameplate.

• Rated Pressure  -  The operating pressure which is recommended for a component or a system by the manufacturer.

• Reservoir  -  A container for keeping a supply of working fluid in a hydraulic system.

• Return Line  -  A line used to carry exhaust fluid from the actuator back to sump.

S

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• Shear Stress  -  To deform the material by breaking rather than stretching without changing the volume by restraining the object.

• Specific Gravity  -  The density or ratio of any substance to another substance.

• Static Pressure  -  The difference in air pressure between the suction side and pressure side of a blower.

• Static Seal  -  This is a seal that does not move.

• Strainer  -  Closed vessels that collect solid particles to be separated while passing a fluid through a removable screen.

• Suction Pressure  -  The absolute pressure of the fluid at the inlet side of the pump.

• Surge  -  A momentary rise of pressure in a hydraulic circuit.

• System Pressure  -  The pressure which overcomes the total resistances in a system. It includes all losses as well as useful work.

T

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• Thermal Expansion  -  The increase in length, area or volume due to the increase (in some cased decrease) in temperature.

• Torque  -  A type of force that is applied to an object that results in the object rotating around an axis.

U

V

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• Valve Stack  -  A series of control valves in a stack with common end plates and a common oil inlet and outlet.

• Vapor Pressure  -  A substance is the pressure at a certain temperature when the liquid and vapor are in equilibrium.

• Velocity  -  The rate of change or displacement with time.

• Viscosity  -  The measure of the internal friction/resistance to the flow of a liquid.

• Volume  -  The space occupied by a mass.

W

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• Work  -  Action done or applied force on an object that displaces the object.

• Working Pressure  -  The pressure which overcomes the resistance of the working device.

X

Y

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