- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Abrasion - The displacement and/or detachment of metallic particles from a surface as a consequence of being exposed to flowing solids, fluids or gases.
- Abrasion Resistance - Degree of resistance of a material to abrasion or wear.
- Acid Embrittlement - During pickling due to absorption of hydrogen.
- Aging - The term origionally applied to the process or sometimes to the effect of allowing a metal to remain at ordinary temperatures.
- Air Hardening - A hardening process wherein the steel is heated to the hardening temperature and cooled in the air.
- AISI SAE Steel Numbering System -
- Alclad - The common name for a type of clad wrought aluminum product with coatings of high purity aluminum or an aluminum alloy different from the core alloy in composition.
- Alloy - An alloy is a homogeneous mixture or solid solution of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal. Alloys are created to enhance or modify the properties of the constituent elements, resulting in a material with improved characteristics compared to the individual elements. All alloy elements are miscible in the molten state, and which do not separate when solid.
- Alloy Steel - Steel containing significant quantities of alloying elements other than carbon and the commonly accepted amounts of manganese, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus.
- Alloying Elements - Chemical elements constituting an alloy. In steel, usually the elements added to modify the properties of the steel.
- Austenitic Stainless Steel - This is the most common type of steel. Their microstructure is derived from the addition of nickel, manganese and nitrogen. It is the same structure as occurs in ordinary steels at much higher temperatures. This structure gives these steels their characteristic combination of weldability and formability. Corrosion resistance can be enhanced by adding chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen.
- Austenite - A solid solutionin which gamma iron is solvent, having a face-centered cubic crystal structure.
- Austenite Steel - Steel, which due to its composition has a stable structure at normal (room) temperature.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Bent Test - A test commonly used to determine relative ductility of a sample by bending it over a given radius through a given angle.
- Blister - A shallow blow with a thin film of the metal over it appearing on the surface of a casting.
- Bimetal - Casting, usually centrifugal, made of two different metals, fused together.
- Bond Strength - Property of a foundry sand to offer resistance to deformation.
- Brass - A copper-base alloy in which zinc is the principle added element.
- Bright Annealing - A process carried out usually in a controlled furnace atmosphere, so surface does not oxidize, remaining bright.
- Brinell Hardness Number - A value assigned to the hardness of metals and alloys. To do this a steel ball is pressed into the surface of an object by a known load to deform the material.
- Brittle Fracture - Fracture with little or no plastic deformation. Smoothing machined holes or outside surfaces of castings by drawing, pushing on, or more broaches, special cutting tools, through the roughed out hole.
- Burnishing - Developing a smooth finish on a metal by tumbling or rubbing with a polished hand tool.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Capacitor - Behaves as a charge storage device. Holds an electric charge when voltage is applied across it and gives up the stored charge when required.
- Carbon Steel - A metal alloy, a combination of two elements, iron and carbon, where other elements are present in quantities too small to affect the properties.
- Carburizing - Diffusing carbon into the surface of iron-base alloys by heating in the presence of carbonaceous materials.
- Case Hardening - Carburizing, nitriding, or cyaniding and subsequent hardning by suitable heat treatment.
- Casting - Pouring molten metal into a mold or a metal object.
- Cementita - An iron-carbon compound with the chemical formula \(Fe_3C\) often called iron carbide.
- Ceramic - A broad term that encompasses a wide range of inorganic, non-metallic materials, typically produced through the heating and cooling of natural clay and other minerals. These materials are known for their hardness, strength, and resistance to heat and corrosion. Ceramics can be classified into various types based on their composition, properties, and applications. Ceramics play a role in our daily lives and have diverse applications due to their unique combination of properties.
- Chromium - A hard crystaline metal used as an alloying element to give resistance to heat, corrosion, and wear and increase strength and hardenability.
- Cleanroom - A room/facility in which the air supply, air distribution, filtration of air supply, materials of construction, and operating procedures are regulated to control airborne particle concentrations to meet approperate cleanliness levels.
- Cold Working - Permanent deformation of a metal below its recrystallization temperature.
- Composite - A combination of two or more distinct materials with different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, create a new material with characteristics different from the individual components. The goal is often to enhance or combine the desirable properties of the constituent materials. Composites are designed to leverage the strengths of each component while mitigating their respective weaknesses.
- Compressive Strength - The ability to withstand compressive stresses.
- Compressive Stress - Stress caused by a compressive load or in fibers compressed by a bending.
- Conductor - A material through which heat passes and allows the free flow of electric charge.
- Cooling Curve - A curve showing the relationship between time and temperature during the solidification and cooling of a metal sample. Since most phase changes involve evolution or absorption of heat, there may be abrupt changes in the slope of the curve.
- Cooling Stress - Stress caused by uneven contraction, external restraint or localized plastic deformation during cooling.
- Cope - Upper or topmost section of a flask, mold or pattern.
- Corrosion - The thinning of a pipe wall that is typically caused by a chemical reaction from a corroding fluid or agent and is limited almost exclusively to metal products.
- Creep - Plastic flow of metal, usually occuping at high temperatures, subject to stress appreciably less than its yield strength.
- Crucible - A container that can withstand very high temperatures and is used for metal, glass, and pigment products.
- Crucible Furnace - A furnace fired with coke, oil, gas, or electricity in which metals are melted in a refractory crucible.
- Cyaniding - A process of case hardening a ferrous alloy by heating in a molten cyanide salt bath, thus causing the alloy to absorb carbon and nitrogen simultaneously.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Duplex Stainless Steel - Normally contain 22-25% chromium and 5% nickel with molybdenum and nitrogen.
- Ductility - That property of metal which allows the metal to be permanently deformed before final rupture.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Elasticity - Measures the stiffness of an elastic material. Elasticity can deformed body and return to its original shape when the forces exerted are removed.
- Elastic Limits - Maximum stress that can be applied to a metal without causing plastic deformation that will remain after the load is relaxed to zero.
- Electrode - An electrical conductor used to contact a nonmetallic part of a circuit.
- Electron - A subatomic particle found in all atoms, electrons carry electricity by flowing from one atom to the next in a conductive material.
- Elongation - The increase in length to which a material is to be stretched prior to rupture.
- Endurance Limit - A limit of stress below which metal will withstand fracture.
- Eutectoid Steel - A carbon steel containing 0.80% carbon becomes a soild solution at any temperature in the austenite temperature range between 1333 F and 2500 F.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Fatigue - The tendency of a metal to fracture under conditions of repeated cyclic stressing below the ultimate tensile strength but above the yield strength.
- Ferrite - A solid solution in which alpha iron is the solvent and having a body-centered cubic crystal structure.
- Ferrite Steel - Steel which, due to its composition, is not hardenable by heat treatment.
- Ferritic Stainless Steel - Contain trace amounts of nickel, 12-17% chromium, less than 0.1% carbon, along with other elements such as molybdenum, aluminum or titanium.
- Ferrous Metal - Mostly contain iron.
- Free Machining - That property of steel imparted by additions of sulfur, selenium or phosphorous which promote chip breakage and permit increased machining speeds.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Galling - The damaging of one or both metallic surfaces by removal of particles from localized areas during sliding friction.
- Grains - Individual crystals in metal.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Hardenability - In a ferrous alloy, the property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by heat treating and quenching.
- Hardening Precipitation - Hardening of metallic alloys, by aging, which results from the precipitation of a constituent from a super-saturated solid solution usually non-ferrous alloys.
- Hardness - The property of a material that enables it to resist plastic deformation, usually by penetration. However, the term hardness may also refer to resistance to bending, scratching, abrasion or cutting.
- Heat Treatment - The heating and cooling of metals or alloys.
- High Carbon Steel - A type of carbon steel that contains a higher percentage of carbon compared to other types of steel. Carbon steel is primarily composed of iron and carbon, but the amount of carbon in high carbon steel typically ranges from 0.60% to 1.0% or even higher.
- Homogenizing - A process of heat treatment at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion.
- Hooke's Law - Stress is proportional to stress in the elastic region.
- Hot Forming - Working operations performed on metals heated to temperatures above room temperature.
- Hot Rolled - A metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through a pair of rollers.
- Hot Working - Hot forming above the recrystallization temperature.
- Hydrogen Embrittlement - A brittleness sometimes engendered by contact with plating and pickling solution acid due to absorption of hydrogen by the metal.
- Hypereutectoid Steels - Steel containing from 0.80% to above 2.0% carbon.
- Hypoeutectoid Steels - Steel containing less than 0.80% carbon.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Impact Test - A test designed to determine the energy absorbed in fracturing a test bar.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Kerf Loss - The amount of material loss during a cutting process.
- Killed Steel - Steel in which sufficient deoxidizing agents have been added to prevent gas evolution during solidification.
- Knoop Hardness Number - The calculated result from a Knoop hardness test, which is proportional to the test force applied to the Knoop indenter divided by the projected area of the permanent indentation made by the indenter after removal of the test force.
- Knoop Hardness Test - An indentation test in which a Knoop rhombic based pyramidal diamond indenter having specified edge angles, is forced under specified conditions into the surface of the test material, and, after removal of the test force, the length of the long diagonal of the projected area of the indentation is measured to calculate the Knoop hardness number.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Levitation - Separation of fine powder from coarse material by forming a suspension of the fine material in a liquid.
- Levitation Melting - An induction melting process in which the metal being melted is suspended by the electromagnetic field and is not in contact with a container.
- Low Carbon Steel - Contain up to 0.30% Carbon (C). The largest category of this class of steel is flat-rolled products (sheet or strip), usually in the cold-rolled and annealed condition. The carbon content for these high-formability steels is very low, less than 0.10% C, with up to 0.4% manganese (Mn). These steels posses the best weldability of the other types of carbon steels. Of the other carbon steels, low carbon steel has the lowest cost.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Magnetic Particle Testing - A method of inspection consists in suitable magnetizing the material and applying a prepared magnetic powder which adheres along lines of flux leakage.
- Martensitic Steel - Steel which, due to its composition, has martensite as its chief constituent after cooling. The hardenable stainless types are all martensite steels.
- Martensitic Stainless Steel - The first stainless steel developed. Its carbon content is higher than most other stainless steels and contain 11-17% chromium, less than 0.4% nickel and up to 1.2% carbon.
- Mask - A patterned layer of material used to prevent the etching of the material directly beneath it.
- Mechanical Properties - Those properties that reveal the reaction, elastic or plastic, of a material to an applied stress, or that involved the relationship between stress and strain.
- Medium Carbon Steel - Similar to low carbon steels except that the carbon ranges from 0.30 to 0.60% and the manganese from 0.60 to 1.65%. Increasing the carbon content to approximately 0.5% with an accompanying increase in manganese allows medium carbon steels to be used in the quenched and tempered condition.
- Metal - A metal is a class of chemical elements characterized by specific physical and chemical properties that distinguish them from other elements. Metals are typically defined by their ability to conduct heat and electricity, malleability, ductility, luster, and their tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions (cations) in chemical reactions.
- Melting Point - A solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Normalizing - A process in which a steel is heated to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and is subsequently cooled in still air at room temperature.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Olsen Test - This is a cupping test made on an Olsen machine as an aid in determining ductiity and deep drawing properties.
- Overheating - Heating to such a temperature that while the properties of the metal are impared, it has not been burned and can therefore be restored by heat treatment.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Physical Properties - Those properties familiarly discussed in physics, for example, density, electrical conductivity, and thermal expansion coefficient, exclusive of those described under mechanical properties.
- Pickling - Immersion in dilute acid or other suitable media for the removal of oxide scale from hot-rolled or otherwise sealed surfaces.
- Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) - PERN is a way to measure the pitting corrosion resistance of various types of stainless steel in a chlorine based environment.
- Plasticity - The ability of a metal to be deformed extensively without rupture.
- Plating - Deposition of a thin film of a metal or alloy on a different base metal from a solution containing ions of the plating metal.
- Plating Rack - A fixture used to hold work and conduct current to it during electroplating.
- Poisson's Ratio - The elastic ratio between lateral strain and longitudinal strain.
- Polymer - A long chain of molecules linked together. A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units called monomers, which are covalently bonded together in a chain or network. Polymers can be naturally occurring, like DNA, proteins, and cellulose, or synthetic, like plastics, rubber, and nylon. Polymers are widely used due to their versatility, being found in materials with diverse characteristics, such as strength, flexibility, or elasticity.
- Precipitation Hardened Stainless Steel - This is a chromium nickel stainless that also contains additions elements such as aluminum, copper or titanium.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Quenching - The fast cooling of metals or alloys for the process of hardening. This process can be done with air, oil, or water. If the metal cools too quickly due to a large flow of heat into the thick base plate, the weld may become brittle, having low fracture toughness.
- Quenching Medium - The m,edium used for cooling steel during heat treatment, usally air, oil, salt, or water.
- Quenching Temperature - The temperature from which steel is quenched during a heat treating process.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Radiography - The use of X-rads or gamma radiation to detect internal structural defects in metal objects.
- Refractory - Any material that has an unusually high melting point and that maintains its structural properties at very high temperatures. Composed principally of ceramics, refractories are employed in great quantities in the metallurgical, glassmaking, and ceramics industries, where they are formed into a variety of shapes to line the interiors of furnaces, kilns, and other devices that process materials at high temperatures.
- Refractory Metals - Metals such as tungsten, columbium, tantalum, molybdenum, which have relative high melting temperatures.
- Resilience Modulus - The amount of energy a material can absorb and still return to its origional shape.
- Rockwell Hardness Test - Forcing a cone-shaped diamond or hardened steel ball into the specimen being tested under standard pressure. The depth of penetration is an indication of the Rockwell Hardness.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Shear Modulus - The ratio of the tangential force per unit area applied to a body or substance to the resulting tangential strain within the elastic limits.Shear Stress - Tends to deform the material by breaking rather than stretching without changing the volume by restraining the object.
- Specific Heat - The amount of energy required to increase one gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius.
- Stainless Steel - A type of alloy that is known for its exceptional corrosion resistance, strength, and versatility. It is composed primarily of iron, along with varying amounts of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and other elements, depending on the specific grade and composition. The addition of these alloying elements imparts the unique properties that make stainless steel highly useful in a wide range of applications.
- Stiffness - The resistance of the elastic deformation of an object that applies to both compression and tension.
- Superconductivity - A phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occuring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Temper - The amount of hardness that an alloy has after cold working or heat treatment.
- Temper Brittleness - Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within or slowly cooled through a certain range of temperature below the transformation range.
- Temper Stress - Quenching in water from the tempering temperature to improve fatigue strength.
- Tensile Strength - The maximum stress a material can resist before it starts to elongate.
- Thermal Conductivity - The ability to transfer heat within a material without any motion of the material.
- Thermal Expansion Coefficient - The percentage change in the length of the material per degree of temperature change, heated solid or liquid.
- Thermal Stress - Resulting from non uniform distribution of temperature.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Ultrahigh Carbon Steel - Contains a very high percentage of carbon, typically in the range of 1.25% to 2.0% by weight. The high carbon content gives the steel distinct properties, including increased hardness, strength, and wear resistance. However, it also makes the steel more brittle and less ductile compared to lower carbon steels.
- UNS Numbering System -
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Vacuum Hot Pressing - A method of processing materials, especially metal and ceramic powders, at elevated temperatures, consolidation pressures, and low atmospheric pressures.
- Vacuum Melting - A process by which alloys are melted in a near-perfect vacuum to prevent contamination by atmospheric elements.
- Vickers Hardness Number - The calculated result from a Vickers hardness test, which is proportional to the test force applied to the Vickers indenter divided by the surface area of the permanent indentation made by the indenter after removal of the test force.
- Vickers Hardness Test - A method for measuring the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test is known for its accuracy and versatility, making it one of the most popular hardness testing methods in materials science and engineering.
- Viscosity - The measure of the internal friction/resistance to the flow of a liquid.
- A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
- Water Quench - Cooling steel from its quenching temperature with water.
- Welding - A fabrication process that fuses like materials togeather by heating them to a suitable temperatures, this can be acomplished by brazing, soldering or welding.
Tags:
Materials
Glossary
